语法
过去进行时
使用过去进行时表示过去发生并持续了一段时间的一个动作或事件。用动词 be
的过去时和动词的 +ing
形式构成过去进行时。
A: I met Elsa in Spain. I was visiting my brother in Madrid. We were eating tapas, and she walked into the restaurant. - 我在西班牙碰见了Elsa,我当时在马德里看我的兄弟。我们正在餐馆吃西班牙塔帕,这时她走了进来。
B: Were you hopping to find a girlfriend? - 你当时想着找女朋友吗?
A: No, I was just lucky. I really wasn’t trying to find a grilfriend. - 没,我至少走运罢了。我当时真没想着找女朋友。
注意,过去进行时态常用于介绍或提供故事的背景信息。
So, I was driving in my car. Then I saw the accident.
搭配过去进行时的when从句
用过去进行时描述动作在某一时刻正在进行,一个含有一般过去时的 when 从句用来表达动作被打断。
I was writing an email when the phone rang.
I was taking a shower when someone knocked on the door.
搭配过去进行时的 While 从句
使用 while + 过去进行时
,描述被另一动作中断的一个持续动作,中断的动作使用一般过去时。
While it was raining, the electricity went out. - 下雨的时候停电了。
While we were sleeping. the electricity came back on. - 我们睡觉的时候,又有电了。
当两个过去持续的动作同时发生时,可以吧 while
用在任意一个动作上。
While Ken was calling the police, the neighbor’s dog was barking.
While I was driving, I was putting on my lip gloss.
如果 while
从句位于句后,不使用逗号。
The electricity came back on while we were sleeping.
形容词和副词
形容词修饰名词,可以在名词前也可以在名词后:
Martin is a lucky guy.
Martin is lucky.
副词用于修饰动词或形容词,可以在动词前也可以在动词后:
He swims quickly.
He is really fast.
副词常常用与句子的开头,在这种情况下,副词定下了全句的基调:
Surprisingly, John didn’t get the job.
许多副词在词尾加 -ly
即可变为副词:
fortunate - fortunately
Fortunately, John met Mary. He is a fortunate man.
注意词尾为 y
的形容词,如果变为副词,将 y 变成 i 再加 ly
lucky - luckily
如果形容词以 l
结尾, 只需要加 ly
即可
grateful - gratefully
状态动词
有些动词不描述动作,它们描述状态、状况或形势。它们称为 stative verbs
。注意,这些动词几乎从不用于 -ing
形式。
类似 see
、hear
和 know
的静态动词可描述你的感知或理解的东西。
I hear birds outside. - 我听见外面有鸟叫。
have
和 own
等静态动词可描述你拥有的东西。
She has a new car.
love
和 hate
等静态动词可以描述你对某事的感受。
I hate vegetables!
记住:静态动词几乎从不用于 -ing
形式。
正确:I know Jhon.
错误:I am knowing Jhon.
讲述故事
描述过去发生的事情时,使用这些常见的讲故事的惯用方法。
设定故事背景,使用过去进行时态:
Let me tell you the story about how I met Shane. I was sitting in the movie theater.
讲故事应该有头有尾:
I was sitting in the movie theater. He dropped his pizza on his shoes. I helped him clean up, and we left together.
在讲故事时,有效运用肢体语言,可以让故事更加吸引人。开始讲时,注意听众的眼睛,尽量保持眼神交流。你还可以使用手势来帮助说明事情。
I caught a really big fish (伸出双手放在两旁,展示鱼的长度。)
I couldn’t believe it. (伸出双手,掌心朝上,表示难以置信。)
My stomach really hurt. (把手放在肚子上,表示疼痛。)
故事事件的排序
使用类似表达开始故事:
At first, I didn’t like him.
In the begining, he seemed unfriendly.
使用类似表达继续讲述故事:
Later, we started talking in the break room. - 后来,我们在休息室开始交谈。
After that, we had lunch a couple of times.
Next, we went on a date.
使用类似表达介绍故事:
Finally, he asked me to marry him.
In the end, we got married and had three children.
描述感情
描述自己的感受,可以使用动词 fell
或 be
。
I was really embarraseed. - 我非常尴尬。
I felt guilty. - 我觉得很内疚。
要描述他人的感受,如果你肯定他的感受,你可以使用动词 be
。
He was upset.
如果你觉得你知道对方的感受但是不是完全肯定,使用动词 seem
。
He seemed upset. - 他似乎很沮丧。
描述对某一事件的感受时,使用 be
和 happen
等动词。
The hike was fantastic.
Something crazy happened.
听故事的反应
在听故事时,使用类似表达表示理解,支持或同情:
Oh, no!
How terrible! - 多可怕呀!
What bad luck! - 太倒霉了!
I bet! - 我肯定!
使用类似表达询问更多细节:
What happened?
So, then what happened?
Were you hurt?
Weren’t you afraid? - 难道你当时不害怕吗?
词汇
个人关系
Close friend
- 指和你关系非常好的人
Marry and I are very close friends.
Old friend
- 指和你人生很长时间的人
John and I are old friends. I met him 20 years ago.
Buddy
- 表示朋友的非正式用于,注意,该词多为男性使用,指代他们的男性朋友
My buddy Harry and I went to college together. - 我和我的哥们 Harry 一起上的大学。
Relatives
- 指你家族中的人,比如 cousins 和 anuts.
For New Year’s Eve, all of my wife’s relatives coming over for a party. - 新年前夕,我妻子的全部亲戚都来了参加聚会。
职业关系
Co-workers
和 colleagues
指和你共事的人。 两个词是同义词,意思相同。
Sarah and I are colleagues.
Martin and I are co-workers.
boss
和 manager
都表示领导,但 boss
的正式程度更低。
Martina is my boss.
My manager is on vacation.
使用 acquaintance
熟人,表示你了解一点的人,这可能是个人关系,也可能是职业关系。
Antonio is an acquaintance of mine. I don’t really know him very well. - Antonio 是我认识的人,我不是很了解他。