I did the dishes. - 我洗了碗。
I went for a run. - 我跑了步。
语法
动词过去时
许多动词的过去时只用在动词尾部添加 -ed
eg. walked cleaned
不规则动词
但是,很多常用的动词是不规则的,它们的形式多种多样。
have - had
eat - ate
drink - drank
bring - brought
leave - left
sell - sold
rise - rose
fly - flew
tear - tore
一些动词的一般现在时和过去时的形式相同
let - let
cut - cut
shut - shut
特别的,read 的一般现在时和过去是拼写相同,但是发音不同。
be 动词
be 动词的过去时形式: 代词he、she、it 和 I 使用 was
, you、we、they 使用 were
。
He was tired yesterday - 他昨天很累
They were happy in Paris.
否定式
使用 did not
来组成动词过去时的否定形式,主要动词保持原形。
They did not like London. - 他们以前不喜欢伦敦。
We did not meet John yesterday.
在英语中,did not
通常缩写为 didn't
。
They didn’t like London.
be 动词的过去是否定形式为 was not
和 were not
,对应的缩写形式为 wasn't
和 weren't
。
Frank was not happy in Los Angeles.
Oscar and Parm weren’t at home yesterday.
过去时疑问句
在句首使用单词 did
来形成过去时疑问句。 did
后使用主要动词的原形,不得在动词词尾加 s
。
Did he go to ShangHai? - 他去上海了吗?
Did they eat dinner?
要使用 be 动词组成过去时疑问句,请将 was
或 were
置于问句之首。
Was he happy? - 他以前开心吗?
不定代词
有些代词并不指定某个已知的名词,它们就是不定代词。
someting, somewhere, someone
使用 somewhere
谈论不确定的地点。
John lives somewhere in Tokyo. I don’t know his address.
使用 someone
谈论不确定或不知道的人。
Someone stole a painting in museum.
使用 something
谈论不确定的事物。
The thief stole something from the woman’s bog.
语言点: someome 和 somebody 意义相同。
提问过去时态的问题
过去疑问句如果不使用 be 动词,且句首为疑问词,需要使用辅助动词 did
。另外注意主要动词保持原形。
A: What did
you do
on the weekend?
B: I played badminton.
A: Where did
you go
for your vocation?
B: I went to Peru. - 我去了秘鲁
询问某物的所有者,使用 whose
。
A: Whose backpack did you borrow? - 你借了谁的背包?
B: I borrowed my brother’s.
询问某物的种类,使用 what kind of
。
A: What kind of tent did you buy?
B: I bought a Shelty. It’s the best brand. - 我买了一个Shelty,这个牌子最好。
A: What kind of animals did you see?
B: We saw deer, wolves and a snake.
使用疑问词 how
搭配形容词询问详细信息。
How far did you walk?
be
动词疑问句不需要辅助动词 did
。
A: How long was your trip?
B: We hiked for two weeks.
过去时间的表达
可以使用下列表达来谈论过去的事情。
Yesterday
I visited Carol yestarday。 - 我昨天拜访了Carol。
The day before yesterday
Jack and Nancy got back from Mexico the day before yesterday. - Jack 和 Nancy 前天从墨西哥回来了。
数字 + 事件单词 + ago
We went to that new restaurant two days ago. - 我们两天前去了那家新开的餐厅。
last + 时间
I worked at a supermarket last year. - 我去年在一家超市上班。
询问过去的事情
开放式问题和封闭式问题
开放式问题指答案不止一个的问题。
How about Paris?
It was great!
It was terrible.
We loved it.
We hated it.
封闭式问题则只有肯定和否定两种回答: yes / no。
Did you go to Paris?
Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.
开放式问题一般更利于推动对话。它们让和你对话的人可以自由回答,回答的方法也有很多种。开放式问题主要分类两种:描述性问题和意见性问题。
描述性问题
What was it like - 它什么样子?
What was the wedding like? - 婚礼是什么样子的?
What did he look like? - 他长什么样?
意见性问题
How did you like Beijing? - 你有多喜欢北京?
How was your vocation? - 你的假期怎么样?
语言点: 谨慎使用单词 like
,该词有两种不同的意思。
描述: What was it like? - 它是什么样子?
观点: How did you like it? - 你有多喜欢它?
开启对话
开启对话有许多种方法。
## 一般性问题
如果没有想要讨论的话题,问候完后你可以使用一个常见的一般性问题。
How are you doing? - 你还好吗?
How are you today? - 今天怎么样?
What’s up? -你好吗?
What’s happening? -在忙什么呢?
What’s going on? -发生什么事了?
How was your weekend? -你周末过得怎么样?
特定提问
你可以向你认识的人询问他们的生活。
How was Peru? - 秘鲁怎么样?
How is your mom feeling? - 你妈妈感觉怎么样?
陈述句
在有些场合,你会有一个你想讨论的话题。你可以提出陈述,然后听众会对你的陈述发表意见。
A: Hey, there was a great movie on last night.
B: Really? What was it? - 真的吗?什么电影?
A: That was a great game last night! - 昨天晚上的比赛非常精彩!
B: Yeah, it was really exciting!
改变话题
对话从一个话题转到另一个话题,有一些表达可以帮助人们暗示他们要改变话题。
使用 by the way
来引入新话题,它也表示你刚想起某事。
A: By the way, I saw Joe last night. He looked good. - 对了,我昨晚看到Joe了,他看起来气色不错。
B: Really? I’m so glad - 真的吗?我非常高兴。
当你想起了想说的其他事情,使用 that reminds me
来转变话题。
A: There was a great baseball game on TV last nignt.
B: Oh, that reminds me. I have two tickets to tonight’s game. Do you want to go? - 哦,我想起来了,我有两张今晚比赛的票,你想去吗?
A: Yeah!
使用 anyway
来结束或总结话题,这样依赖你可以开始一个新话题。当你听厌了某人谈论某事,非常想改变话题时,可以使用这个词。
A: That restaurant wasn’t very good.
B: No, it wasn’t! The meat tested bad, and the salad wasn’t fresh. And the waiter was awful! His clothes were dirty!
A: Anyway, we’re not going there again. So, how’s Jane?
故事排序
再讲故事或写故事时,将事情的发生顺序理清很重要,理清顺序有几种方法。
如果描述的事情在另外一件事情后发生,可以使用短语 the next day
。
They stole 15 computers on Friday night. The next day, the police come.
要表示一件事情在某事多久之后发生,使用 数字 + 时间单词 + later
。
There was a theft on Friday night. Three days later, we hired a security guard.
其他的一些表达:
The theft was three days ago
.
They broke in last
night.
They stole money the day before yesterday
.
积极聆听
听故事不应该完全被动接受。与通常的对话相同,你应该避免沉默,激发将故事的人,不懂的时候要提问。做一个积极的听者常常可以通过询问故事接下来的事情来激发讲故事的人。使用下列表达询问之后发生的事情:
And then what happened?
What happened next?
What did you do then?
Go on.
记住,升调可以将陈述句变为疑问句。使用类似下面的问题确定你理解可或表达惊奇。
A poblem with bear? - 碰到熊了么?
最好的故事会故事讲述人和故事的听众应该互动,从未营造一场难忘的活动。
疑问
How is your mom feeling?
Hey, there was a great movie on last night. 此处的 on
That was a great game last night! 此处的That
A: That restaurant wasn’t very good.
B: No, it wasn’t! 这个No
His clothes were dirty.
Anyway, we’re not going there again.
其他词汇
English | 发音 | 中文 |
---|---|---|
spaghetti | [spə’getɪ] | 意大利细面 |
pasta | 意大利面 | |
salad | 沙拉 | |
neighborhood | 附近 | |
deer | 鹿 | |
trail | 小路 | |
backpack | 背包,远足背包 | |
cabin | 小木屋 | |
tent | 帐篷 |